cours.py

Created by juliette-1

Created on May 07, 2025

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Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost (qui croît avec le volume).
Break-even (point mort) = cest le volume pour lequel revenu = coûts totaux.
Safety margin (marge de sécurité) = volume prévu  break-even
Marge unitaire = prix - cout complet
Break even = cout fixes / marge unitaire 
Marge unitaire (contribution margin) = prix de vente par copie  cout variable 
par copie 
Seuil de rentabilité (break even volume) = couts fixes totaux / marge unitaire 
Mark-up = cout indirects du material / couts directs materials 
Cout matière complet=direct material cost+(mark-up×direct material cost)
Cout processing i complet=direct cost+(mark-up×direct cost) 
Cout processing ii complet=direct cost+(mark-up×direct cost)
Full production cost=total matière+total processing i+total processing ii
Marge = prix de vente  full product cost

FULL COSTING 
Costs by nature : on les range en fonction du type de costs dont il sagit 
-  Costs directs 
-  Costs indirects 
Cost objects : On enmène les costs direct dans cost objects pour appliquer leur 
cout à notre produit 
Cost center : On enmène les costs indirects dans cost objectfs pour décider de 
la pondération à notre produit (combien dheures de travail, % de la machine 
alloué à ce produit...)

CONTRIBUTION METHOD 
Les deux types de coûts :
Separable costs = variables
Common costs = fixes 
CONTRIBUTION = REVENU ADDITIONNEL  SEPARABLE COSTS (couts variables)
Cette contribution sert à aider à couvrir les common costs (couts fixes) 
LA CONTRIBUTION PEUT ÊTRE NÉGATIVE SI LE PRIX DE VENTE EST INFÉRIEUR AUX COÛTS 
VARIABLES.
Contribution-based analysis focuses on incremental (separable) revenues and 
incremental (separable) costs associated with a specific decision. 
It ignores common (oftentimes: fixed) costs that do not change as a result 
of the decision.
The central idea is that as long as the additional contribution is positive and 
common/fixed costs are already covered, an action can improve overall profitability  even if the full cost of the product/service is not covered. 

LA MÉTHODE ABC
Costs by nature : on les range en fonction du type de costs dont il sagit 
-  Costs directs 
-  Costs indirects 
Cost objects : On enmène les costs direct dans cost objects pour appliquer leur 
cout à notre produit 
Cost center : On enmène les costs indirects dans cost center puis dans activities 
cost drivers, cad les facteurs du cout 
Cost drivers : activité qui coutent chers dans la production 

a) Build-up process (bottom-up) : 
top mgt ; ba mgt ; bu mgt 
assumptions, instructions, planning, suggestions, consolidations, complete budget 
b) Break-down process (top-down) : 
planning, suggestions, check, changes, consolidations, complete budget 

Zero-Based Budgeting = on part de zéro chaque année. Chaque dépense doit être justifiée complètement, même si elle existait déjà.
Rolling Forecasts = Prévisions mises à jour en continu (par ex : tous les trimestres).
Beyond Budgeting = « Le budget peut être inutile, voire nuisible. » 

Tu as deux moments pour évaluer une entreprise :
AVANT (quand tu lances un projet) :
-  Cash flow prévu (combien ça va rapporter chaque année)
-  NPV (Valeur actuelle nette) : tu additionnes tous les gains futurs mais actualisés avec un taux (le WACC).
-  Si NPV > 0  tu fais le projet car il crée de la valeur.
APRÈS (quand le business tourne déjà) :
-  Le profit (est-ce que tu gagnes de largent ?)
-  Le ROCE (Return on Capital Employed) : cest comme demander : Est-ce que ce que jai investi dans ce magasin rapporte assez ?
-  Si ROCE > WACC  rentable

Comment créer de la valeur : Les leviers
VALEUR CRÉE=(ROCEWACC)×CAPITAL EMPLOYED
3 grands leviers :
-  Opérations ("Do things right") :  Améliorer la marge, mieux utiliser les ressources.
-  Stratégie ("Do the right things") : Acheter/vendre des activités pour avoir 
des activités plus rentables.
-  Financement ("Choose right financing") : Optimiser la structure financière : dette vs fonds propres.
Lobjectif : que la rentabilité (ROCE) soit au-dessus du coût du capital (WACC).

1. Accepting an additional order at a price below full cost 
2. Discontinuing production and sales of a product 
3. Choosing among multiple orders/ contracts 
  Effects: Design measures that have desirable effects, for both the organization 
as a whole and parts of it. 
  Representation: Design measures that capture key measures of success for 
the business activities ('tailor made') 
  Comparability: Design measures that can be compared across entities within 
the group (and/or with external benchmarks) 
  Measurement system: Design measures that can be measured reliably. 
User criteria: 
-  Acceptance: Performance measures should be designed in ways that managers 
find acceptable. Acceptance might relate to other criteria, for example, managers
might not accept customer satisfaction measures if they feel the measurement 
(e.g. customer surveys) are not reliable. 
-  Simplicity & understanding:Managers need to understand the measures they are 
confronted with. In general, if performance measures are overly complex and 
difficult to comprehend, managers might not understand how their actions 
(and/or other factors) affect the measure. 
-  Adapted to user conditions: Measures should be adapted to the users conditions. 
For example, if managers are responsible for financial measures such as WACC 
or EVA, make sure that managers possess the necessary financial training. 


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