tells us how much
represents the marginal

the highest positive current

grew 8.3 percent anually

an upward shift in the aggregate

an anti-clockwise rotation
will cause a fall in GDP by

2779.09 billions US dollars

are due to the fact that the
rose 17.7 percent to $3

is varying when  inflation
measures the real cost of borrowing

rose by 12.2 percent in 2022

Over the past 20 years, Japan
Increasing saving in some 

a view about the likely
difference in risk between
any difference in interest

The Governing Council of the

accounts for a little 50%

official interventions of

a change in the risk premium
the expectation that the

to push for a much smaller
to push for strict fiscal

accounts for more 20% (I)

was to convince financial
to push German elites to

a rise in equilibrium output
an upward shift in the yd

more 50% of nominal(I)China

tight monetary policy

is very effective because it
is accompanied by a rise in

investment becomes more
the marginal propensity to

there is an excess supply
there is an excess supply
equilibrium is restored


will have eventually no effect
will initially make the home
will cause a rightward shift
will temporarily cause a rise

materializes in a rise in an

shifts rightward in response
shifts upward in response
upward sloping in the interest

shows all combinations of the
is increasing in the (output
shifts downwards when the

set off a depressive effect

money demand becomes more
money demand becomes more 

upward sloping in the interest
shifts rightward in response
shifts upward in response

an improvement of the balance
a rightward shift in the IS


External supply shocks 
shifts  the AD and BT curve
but not ERU curves

False 

positively sloped

a rightward shift ErU curve

was temporarily neutralized
a leftward shift of the ERU
a burst of domestic wage

responsible for a fall in I

Supply shocks and supply-
side policies are defined
as those

True


the increase in output
the nominal appreciation of 

Changes in monetary policy
in a flexible exchange rate
regime or discrete changes

True


inflation is constant
output is higher and
there is a trade deficit


lengthening of supply chains
unionization of the economy
a rise in unemployment benefits